Novarm ltd4/30/2023 A classic method for testing withdrawal behavior in response to thermal stimulus is the Hargreaves’ test, also known as the Plantar Test, which assesses the time it takes for a rodent to withdraw its foot in response to an infra-red thermal stimulus (Hargreaves et al., 1988). Withdrawal behaviors can be elicited by either a thermal or mechanical stimulus. Meanwhile, unconditioned nociceptive responses are typically measured as nocifensive withdrawal behaviors (Hargreaves et al., 1988 Bourquin et al., 2006 Chaplan et al., 1994 Santos-Nogueira et al., 2012). Thus, they are less useful as direct behavioral correlates for neurophysiological recordings. However, they are time and labor intensive, and they do not provide real-time readouts. These tests are relatively sensitive and specific for pain. Current methods to record pain in rodents rely on conditioned or unconditioned nociceptive responses (Bourquin et al., 2006 Chaplan et al., 1994 Wang et al., 2011).Ĭonditioned responses in rodents can be measured by assays such as conditioned place preference and conditioned place aversion (King et al., 2009 De Felice et al., 2018 Johansen et al., 2001 Johansen and Fields, 2004 Lee et al., 2015). In animal studies, particularly studies in rodents, pain is assessed by behavioral, rather than verbal reports (Mogil, 2009 Hargreaves et al., 1988 Sandkuhler, 2009). ![]() However, verbal reports are not always reliable, leading to under- and over-reporting of pain intensity (Monroe et al., 2012 Andersen et al., 2017 Herr, 2011). In humans, we can assess pain by verbal reports of the emotional response. ![]() In order to study pain, we need to quantify this behavioral response. ![]() ![]() Pain can be viewed as a behavioral and emotional response to a highly salient sensory (noxious) input.
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